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Mirza Hadi Ruswa
Mirza Muhammad Hadi Ruswa ((ウルドゥー語:مرزا محمد ہادی رسوا)) (1857 – 21 October 1931) was an Urdu poet and writer of fiction, plays, and treatises (mainly on religion, philosophy, and astronomy). He remained on the Nizam of Awadh's advisory board on language matters for years. He was well-versed in Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Hebrew, English, Latin, and Greek.
His famed Urdu novel, ''Umrao Jan Ada'', published in 1905, is considered by many as the first Urdu novel. It is based on the life of a renowned Lucknow courtesan and poet of the same name and later became the basis for ''Umrao Jan Ada'' (1972), a Pakistani film, and two Indian films, ''Umrao Jaan'' (1981) and ''Umrao Jaan'' (2006). The novel was also the basis of a Pakistani television serial, ''Umrao Jan Ada'', which aired in 2003.
==Life==
Accurate details of the life of Mirza Muhammad Hadi Ruswa are unavailable and there are material contradictions between the accounts given by his contemporaries. Ruswa himself mentions that his ancestors arrived in India from Persia and that his great-grandfather was an adjutant in the army of the Nawab of Awadh. The street on which the Ruswa family home was situated is known as ''Ajitun Ki Gali'' (Adjutant's Lane). He had not much to say of his grandfather and father, except that they were both keenly interested in arithmetic and astronomy.
Mirza Muhammad Hadi Ruswa was born in 1857 in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh to a cavalry officer Mirza Muhammad Taqi. He received his early education at home. His parents died when he was sixteen years old and he soon became a ward of his maternal uncle, who relieved him of much of his inheritance. His elder brother Mirza Muhammed Zaki was also a scholarly figure who died young. Haider Baksh, a renowned calligraphist of his time, then befriended Ruswa. He taught Ruswa the art of penmanship and lent money to him. However, since Haider Baksh's income came from counterfeiting revenue stamps, he was arrested and sentenced to a long term of imprisonment. Amongst the many people who aided Ruswa in his writing career was the Urdu poet, Dabeer. Ruswa studied at home and passed his matriculation. He then tackled the Munshi Fazil course and examinations and earned himself a Munshi Fazil (Honours in Urdu) degree. Thereafter, he received an Overseers diploma from Thomas Engineering School in Roorkee. For some time, he was employed in the railways, laying tracks in Balochistan. All through these years, he continued to write and study, his passions being chemistry, alchemy and astronomy. After a short term of government service, he returned to Lucknow to teach and write. He was employed as a teacher at a local mission school and then as a lecturer at Christian College, where he taught mathematics, science, philosophy and Persian. He left Lucknow for Hyderabad and worked in the Bureau of Translation at Osmania University for a year. He died of typhoid fever on 21 October 1931, aged seventy-five.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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